Sensor calibration impacts on dust detection based on MODIS and VIIRS thermal emissive bands

Dust detection using remotely sensed measurements has been one of the challenging problems encountered by atmospheric scientists. MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra (T) and Aqua (A) platforms have been a versatile sensor for well over 21 and 18 years respectively, and have been extremely useful in the retrieval of aerosol information over the entire globe. The MODIS radiances from the Level 1B in general are expected to be within 5% accuracy in the reflective wavelengths and within 1% in the thermal emissive wavelengths. In this paper, we evaluate the sensitivity of previously developed dust detection technique based on thermal emissive wavelengths, which correspond to MODIS bands 20, 29, 31, and 32 respectively. The Thermal Emissive Dust Index (TEDI) performed very comparably to the traditional Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) retrievals by MODIS reflective channels. Since the MODIS Thermal Emissive Bands (TEB) are well calibrated on-orbit using a BlackBody (BB) source, the calibration of these long wave infrared bands is quite robust. As A-MODIS continues to perform well beyond its designed lifetime of 6 years, the instrument has undergone various levels of degradation during its mission time. As a consequence, it is imperative to check the impacts of calibration on the higher-level retrievals. In this paper, we rigorously analyze the sensitivity of TEDI due to the impact of calibration by the afore-mentioned TEB. The perturbation of the dominant (linear) calibration term demonstrated the following: first, there was a correlation in the sensitivity of the TEDI due to the uncertainty in the linear calibration term. Based on a perturbation in the linear calibration term for all aforementioned bands over a range of ±5% yielded the TEDI sensitivity to vary from approximately ?3.2% to about ?3.6%. When considering the uncertainty in each individual band significant changes were observed. The least change was observed for the perturbation in the calibration of band 20 with the TEDI sensitivity and the largest sensitivity in TEDI was observed in the perturbation of band 31 calibration. Thus, in the case of TEDI, noticeable sensitivity due to calibration uncertainty was observed in bands 29, 31, and 32, reiterating the importance of the TEB calibration in these bands. Also, the dust detection scheme based on A-MODIS was successfully transferred to the follow-on sensors such as Suomi (SNPP) and NOAA 20 (N20) VIIRS. The results presented in this paper would be extremely helpful in understanding impacts of calibration on the higher-level products for both current and future missions based on the MODIS heritage. Finally, the work also identifies the importance of radiometric fidelity in maintaining the accuracy of the dust detection. Results presented will show drastic improvement of the Saharan dust detection after the reduction of the electronic crosstalk in the 8.5 µm channel of T-MODIS.     

Planetary protection on international waters: An onboard protocol for capsule retrieval and biosafety control in sample return mission

Planetary protection has been recognized as one of the most important issues in sample return missions that may host certain living forms and biotic signatures in a returned sample. This paper proposes an initiative of sample capsule retrieval and onboard biosafety protocol in international waters for future biological and organic constituent missions to bring samples from possible habitable bodies in the solar system. We suggest the advantages of international waters being outside of national jurisdiction and active regions of human and traffic affairs on the condition that we accept the Outer Space Treaty. The scheme of onboard biological quarantine definitely reduces the potential risk of back-contamination of extraterrestrial materials to the Earth.     

空空作战飞机敏感性分析研究

为分析战斗机作战能力的敏感性，通过建立战斗机作战能力的指标体系，综合使用幂指数法和模糊参 差分析法对战斗机作战能力进行评估。采用基于方差的全局敏感性分析方法sobol 指数法分析战斗机作战能力 的敏感性，得到选取的输入变量的重要度排序和变量间的交互效应，将结果与熵值法结果进行对比，比较分析 sobol 指数法作敏感性分析的优势。     

基于TANA函数的非概率可靠度分析方法

建立一种基于TANA(Two-Point Adaptive Nonlinear Approximation)函数的高效稳定非概率型可靠度分析方法。首先,对随机变量采用凸集合非概率多椭球模型进行描述,在可靠度指标法框架下,采用增强混沌控制(Enhanced Chaos Control,ECC)方法,在逼近最佳设计点时,利用两点自适应非线性逼近的TANA2函数拟合强非线性的功能函数,减少了可靠度分析中功能函数的调用次数,有效提高了算法的效率及稳定性。还对不同非线性程度的功能函数进行了可靠度求解以及优化的算例验证。     

上证50指数与其衍生品的波动特征及溢出效应

全球金融市场波动加剧,市场投资者规避风险需求增加,对具有风险规避功能的金融衍生品与其标的资产之间波动率相互影响的研究显得尤为重要。文章对上证50指数、上证50股指期货与50ETF三者之间的波动率溢出效应进行了实证研究,发现:上证50指数和上证50股指期货均对自身存在负向溢出,且三者收益率之间也存在均值外溢;上证50指数、上证50股指期货与50ETF不仅对自身存在波动率溢出效应,相互之间也存在波动率外溢,且长短期波动率外溢效果不同;DCC模型显示三个收益率序列间的相关系数随着时间的变化而变化,该结果可以运用于对冲比率和投资组合的计算。对波动率的准确把握有助于进行风险防范,实现保值交易和套利交易等。     

Aircraft air conditioning system health state estimation and prediction for predictive maintenance

The vast potential of system health monitoring and condition based maintenance on modern commercial aircraft is being realized through the innovative use of Airplane Condition Monitoring System (ACMS) data. However there are few methods addressing the issues of failure prognostics and predictive maintenance for commercial aircraft Air Conditioning System (ACS). This study developed a Bayesian failure prognostics approach using ACMS data for predictive maintenance of ACS. First, a health index characterizing the ACS health state is inferred from a multiple sensor signals using a data driven method. Then a dynamic linear model is proposed to describe the degradation process for failure prognostics. Bayesian inference formulas are carried out for degradation estimation and prediction. The developed approach is applied on a passenger aircraft fleet with ACMS data recorded for one year. The analysis of the case study shows that the developed method can produce satisfactory prognostics results, where all the ACS failure precursors are identified in advance, and the relative errors for the failure time prediction made when just entering the degradation warning stage are less than 8%. This would allow operators to proactively plan future maintenance.     

航空发动机状态监视、故障诊断研究及验证

提出了发动机状态监视、故障诊断的理论方法并搭建了该系统的软硬件平台,为建立机载发动机健康管理系统奠定了坚实的基础。首先,建立并验证了含有健康参数的发动机线性化模型,在模型的基础上设计了用于故障诊断的卡尔曼滤波器;其次,用设计好的滤波器可以准确估计出反应发动机运行状态的不可测参数;随后又用了一组卡尔曼滤波器诊断、隔离了传感器故障;最后,介绍了该部分机载系统原理样机的软硬件配置,并进行了算法平台验证,从操作和实现方式上验证了软硬件平台。该设计满足算法需求且界面人性化、易于操作。     

时变加权LQT设计方法理论推导及应用

利用矩阵运算公式和极值原理,对时变加权性能指标下的线性二次型跟踪器(LQT)迭代方程进行了理论推导。以F-16飞机为例,利用飞行控制经验构建俯仰速率控制系统线性框图。在MATLAB/Simulink环境下,针对两种时变加权性能指标和一种定常加权性能指标,利用多变量优化算法完成了一个状态点的控制律参数设计,并进行了时域和频域对比分析,初步验证了时变加权LQT设计方法的工程可行性和有效性。     

多机场系统与区域经济社会发展协调度研究

为满足不断增长的航空运输需求,围绕着城市圈的多机场系统正逐步发展起来.加强多机场系统与区域经济社会发展的协调度研究,对促进两者互动良性发展具有极为重要的意义.从建立多机场系统与区域经济社会发展评价指标体系入手,运用熵权法对评价指标进行客观赋权,构建耦合协调度评价分析模型,对世界级的伦敦、纽约、巴黎、东京、上海5个多机场系统进行实例分析.研究表明,多机场系统与区域经济社会发展耦合协调越高,多机场系统对区域经济社会发展的引领和拖动作用越大,区域经济社会发展越具有活力,航空运输需求越旺盛.